Human Rights Watch on Thursday condemned "atrocities" committed against civilians by Mali's army, the Russian mercenary group Wagner, and Islamist armed groups since UN peacekeepers withdrew a year ago.
Mali's ruling junta pushed the United Nations stabilization mission (MINUSMA) to leave last December amid deteriorating relations and as the crisis-wracked country battles jihadist and separatist violence.
MINUSMA had previously maintained around 15,000 soldiers and police in the West African nation, and was in part tasked with protecting civilians and human rights.